"Sentences are cohesive when the last few words of one set up information that appears in the first few words of the next. That gives us our experience of flow." Joseph Williams, page 58

Transitions are arguably the most important part of any piece of writing, long or short. I think it's especially important in journalism, where your space is limited and there's restrictions on space. In order to better utilize that space, a good writer will transition seamlessly from one sentence to the next and avoid having to introduce each point at the beginning of every new sentence. Every well constructed transition can save as many as five words, and over the course of a 500 word article, that can amount to an additional three to five sentences of valuable information that you might not have otherwise been able to include. 
In addition to saving space, transitions help the reader smoothly scan through your writing. When writing becomes too dense and choppy, it irritates readers who will decide that your writing is just a waste of their time. Readers are most happy when they can absorb a lot of information quickly and if your writing has good flow and cohesiveness, this comes both easily and naturally. It's a fast paced world and your writing needs to keep up with that making good flow all the more important. 
One final point about good flow is that it can actually force your audience to continue reading your piece because no good spot can be found to stop until the end. By setting up every upcoming sentence at the conclusion of the previous one, the reader subconsciously forces him or herself into continuing on to the next point to reach some finality. The good writer forces readers to do this over and over again until the end of the story. It can be very difficult, but mastering transition techniques can greatly benefit your writing.

The past is as we see it

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"Antiquity can be viewed only through the lens of modernity. The image which passes through the lens in order to reach our own sensibilities is one that has been manipulated by our choice of focus and lighting." Eric Havelock, page 117

This was probably one of my favorite quotes from Havelock's entire book. I actually agree with it for the most part, a rarity in my experience. The pesky thing about history, especially ancient history, is that we can't really recreate it or get a good observation on it. Unless it was written down as a first hand account, it's really open to debate.
What's funny about the debate, however, is that because nobody has any real substantial evidence, they're all basically just blowing wind out of their hind ends. Sure there are always going to be some unchanging facts that won't be disputed. Unfortunately, those are few and far between. A person's geography and nationality can have an enormous influence on how they view history. Any intelligent individual can compile enough historical facts together and twist them into their own truth about history. And they will honestly what they present, till death do they part.
Essentially, this shows the greatest lesson of why the development and expansion of written communication was so important then. Anything written down can eliminate the twisted views of people wanting to shape history in their own perspective. If there's hard evidence, any opinions will fall away having been rendered utterly useless. That's also why it's still very important to write things down today, or at least to generate hard copies. We need solid evidence to tell our story on for the countless generations to come. We don't want them telling us what we did any more than previous generations would have wanted us to do to them. We have the opportunity that they did not. Carpe diem, amigos.
"The average reader is not equipped to detect many kinds of document falsification, and a lot of text is still accepted on trust...We have learned to trust writing that leaves a paper trail. Things are not so black and white in the world of digital text." Dennis Baron, page 48

Sure that picture of Marilyn Monroe getting cozy beside Abraham Lincoln is humorous and not all that uncommon. When done with the right intent, that kind of photoshopping is both entertaining and generally harmless. However, Baron's essay points to a much deeper and much more serious issue at play. Granted, his piece is ancient by today's digital standards and a lot of work has been done to alleviate and minimize the issue. But there's still a reason why professors everywhere crucify their students for citing Wikipedia.
Falsification of documents in the digital world is a perfect example of how new technologies always come with nearly as many complexities as they do simplicities. Before digital communication, trusting an author and his or her sources was commonplace. Fact checking could be done with a few hard documents and if the author wasn't truthful, it could be detected fairly easily. 
Today, that's much more difficult. There's an enormous amount of opinion floating around that's too often being passed on as fact. Once this happens, fact checkers need to work doubly hard to prove it to be an opinion. This kind of opinion spreading grows exponentially along with the digital medium in which it resides. It affects just about everyone, but writers and reporters suffer more than most.
Proving the legitimacy of one's work is now a tedious and mind-numbing chore. Establishing credibility is very difficult now and it can be stripped away so quickly today. The motivation to pass on facts to an audience has dwindled to almost nothing. We need to be able to trust the information we obtain and also the people from whom we obtain it. Deciphering opinion from fact needs to be stressed much more throughout individuals' educational development. Otherwise, we'll find ourselves at the base of a mountain of useless information, with only the important real facts sitting atop the summit. And that mountain will make Mt. Everest look like a mole hill.
Remember the old saying...opinions are like assholes, everybody's got one.

"My goal is to stop people from talking so much about the inherent nature of these media and start them talking more about the different ways we can use them. In particular I seek to celebrate the flexibility of writing as a medium, and to show that we need to develop more control over ourselves as we write so that we can manage our writing process more judiciously and flexibly." Peter Elbow, page 151

 

Although I didn't quite follow this goal throughout Elbow's essay, stating it at the conclusion and rereading the text really helped this point stick out for me. There are several different means of communication available to people today more than ever. Obviously, each individual will have their own preference on which means they would use to most often communicate. But there are those who stubbornly reserve their communicative expression to a single form, and it's these people who I believe Elbow is addressing.

Communication isn't a one trick pony like it was before the ancient Greeks first devised an alphabet over 2,500 years ago. Even in the several centuries that followed, some of the most effective and respected communicators were those who could express their message both orally and in writing. Today, many people see those forms as archaic and useless. They get transfixed in the belief of the new technologies swallowing up the old and becoming not just the new but also the only way. There are others who look back at the old forms with a sense of nostalgia and will retell stories of when they thought that was high tech, only to revert back to the newest forms and endlessly sing their praises.

The best communicators today are like those of Rome and Greece some 2,000 years ago. They can utilize all mediums of communication and spread their message to many, many more people. Isn't that what communication is all about anyway? Even if only half of the people your message reaches care about what you say, the other half that do will anoint you a great communicator who is a master at spreading his ideas across all borders and boundaries. Some of the best journalists and commentators that I look up to spread their message in several formats and do so almost seven days a week. Many will have a column or news story published during the week and host a weekday television and/or radio show. Some also post their reporting and commentary on renowned websites and also decorate their pages with webcast videos to appease even more viewers.

The bottom line is today's technologies provide a litany of ways for anyone in the field of communications to not only succeed but excel. You can dominate one part of the industry but be invisible in the others and therefore never achieve more than mediocrity. That's not to say that isn't okay to shine in one medium and be modestly successful in the others. But to really stand out, you need to take full advantage of all the avenues technology has provided and tirelessly work to outclass competitors in each field. 

Reflecting...
Here's a lovely collection, a look back if you will, on some of my finest responses to the world of written communication. They probably suck but I don't really care.

The first one I've included because I think it's the most relevant to today and it's also my personal favorite. It relates the plight of newspapers in today's changing communication world to the change from oral to written communication in the time of Plato and Socrates.

This next one I selected because it involves something we all use all the time. It was interesting to examine just how much people overuse PowerPoint.

And this final selection I chose because I just love irony and this passage was full of it. It baffled me, yet at the same time I completely understood it. There aren't many things in the world that I can say that about.

Engaging others in Xenoblogging (not sure about that word)

Below are a few entries other classmates posted that caught my attention more than others. For these I left my own two cents and hopefully didn't agitate the authors too much.


What is listed below is a collection of all my blog pieces from the past unit. Enjoy!

"If you do not see your main characters there in simple subjects, stated in a few short, concrete words, you have to look for them." Williams, page 43

 

Character and characters are very important in life. They're also pretty important to clearly identify in sentence structure. They aren't like deer or other game that many people enjoy hunting for. When the characters crucial to the purpose of the sentence are scattered randomly throughout a sentence, then the whole thing becomes opaque and unclear. People don't want to hunt for characters in sentences and don't enjoy those characters doing nothing active in a sentence.

Seeing as characters should most often be the central meaning of sentences, they need to fall in the subject so readers can clearly distinguish their critical importance. It's also not a bad idea to make that subject simple and clear. Don't hide it somewhere in the middle of a sentence to sound more academic. Most likely it will have the opposite affect and it's just a generally annoying thing to see.

When your characters are clearly distinguished, make them do something. Passive voice can become very redundant and monotonous. Too much of it indicates laziness or a general lack of effort from the writer. Can we 'is' or 'are' anything? NO! I can run, jump, play, read, write and any other litany of active verbs. Obviously writing differs significantly from the physicality of the active verbs actually doing something in real life, and there exist plenty of instances where linking and helping verbs are necessary. Avoiding their use altogether would actually damage your writing. But too many seem to have a sad reliance on them and that's terrible for your writing.

The characters are supposed to be reflective of reality. Their actions should be actions and as much as possible be written in an active voice. Make it simple and make it smart. Put your characters right out there and make them do something. You might find your writing will be doing something with that, too; improving.

An embarrassed writer

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I don't like to be embarrassed in anything. Most of my friends and acquaintances feel the same way. It's probably a safe bet to say that 99% of everyone out there in the great land we call the Internet would also agree.

Lately, standards at the Setonian have been sorely lacking. Our most recent edition was unfortunately quite exemplary of the lack of focus and attention paid to the paper. There were a litany of mistakes throughout and to writers like myself who fell victim to poor editing and lack of focus during the compilation process this is flat out embarrassing.

I don't want to put the onus on any one single person because it's unfortunately on a much grander scale. Things really are that bad I fear. Some people are more at fault than others and I hope they recognize that.

The problems have a wide range of severity and description. Most of them result from not spending enough time looking over the work and just general carelessness.

Again, without naming names, some copy editors attempted and successfully altered several quotes in the last two issues. This is not only embarrassing but completely unethical and damaging to the writer who used the quotes. Changing quotes is completely UNACCEPTABLE. It should never happen, period.

In some stories, the leads have also been altered. For those who are unfamiliar with journalism, the lead is the most important part of any story. When somebody seeks to change it and turns it into two separate fragments, there need to be some serious changes. A fourth grader knows not to fragment sentences. Why can't a college student who studies English notice this?

Many of the headlines and captions have been pathetic at best. This also reflects poorly upon the photographers and writers. It's such a simple problem to fix with just a little bit more effort. It's also one of the most obvious problems and really makes the paper and all those involved in its production look like numbskulls.

I don't see the point in pointing out any specific stories or photos where any of these problems arose.  I'm sure any person reading with half a brain can recognize the litany of mistakes.

To our loyal and supportive audience, consider this my personal apology on behalf of everyone for our carelessness and lack of attention to deal.

To those on the staff who are guilty of these errors or have been the victim of them, consider this a wake-up call. We need to work together and fix these issues. And we most definitely can address and solve them all.

Changes need to be made and they need to be made now. I don't have all the solutions, but I do know all the problems and know how to fix many of them. Let's not let anything like this ever happen again. 

Long live the written word

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"The preacher speaks only to those who are present; the scribe preaches to those still to come. The sermon, once it is heard, vanishes into thin air; its text, if written down and read even a thousand times, does not lose its impact. The preacher's office dies with him. The scribe may have passed away long ago, but the book he copied still provides moral instruction." Trithemius, page 473

 

So if I'm dead, nobody will be able to hear me speak? And I was so sold on the talking to dead people thing, too. While Trithemius' point is rather obvious and simple, it demonstrates the one clear advantage that writing and manuscript holds over the spoken word.

People aren't very trusting these days. Any account of a story or event that was simply witnessed by a person within earshot is instantly scrutinized as hearsay. If you don't record it or have a written account of it then your version must be false. Whether this kind of criticism is right or wrong is beside the point. It's more important today than ever to have written concrete evidence supporting whatever it is you're telling in order for it to be accepted by the general population.

I'm also of the belief that when you write you are offering it up, consciously or otherwise, to an audience to read. Therefore, it's best to have your writing be as accurate as possible. Imagine how many legendary and mythical tales there are in human history that were never written down and have now been long since forgotten. Even those that were transcribed are not necessarily original as many were passed down from one person to the next allowing for the intricate details to be muddied. Everything is written for a purpose, and we should take a similar approach with what is said and write it down for others to read.

"By the nineteenth century, many people firmly believed not only that every person's handwriting was unique, but that handwriting was 'an unfailing index of...character, moral and mental, and a criterion by which to judge of...peculiarities of taste and sentiment.'" Baron, page 58

 I still think today that you can tell a lot about a person by their handwriting, especially men. I doubt that some of the other tells Baron mentioned are really legitimate today, such as potential spouses and employees. However, handwriting remains the most authentic expression of an individual through written communication.

We all learn to write at a very young age. In my experience, a person's handwriting evolves most significantly between kindergarten and the second grade, and after that period it really doesn't change much more. Sure, I do notice little tweaks in my letters from year to year but it's not enough to draw any conclusions from. The speed at which you write may alter the style some, but exterior time constraints do not comprise normal handwriting circumstances.

Handwriting is something that, once you have a feel for it, becomes solely yours. The irony is that everyone is essentially taught to write and formulate the same set of letters in the same fashion yet no two students develop identical handwriting. Individual handwriting can display a person's approach to life or their very nature in making decisions. Unfortunately, with nearly everything being typed on computers, individual expression through written communication is often limited by a set number of fonts, in some cases fewer than others, when dealing with strictly academic or business related work. I know my handwriting reflects a lot of my personality and I take pride in that. It's too bad people are losing sight of that.

Take out the trash

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"1.Your sentences are more concrete...2. Your sentences are more concise...3. The logic of your sentences is clearer...4.Your sentence tells a more coherent story." Williams 36-37

It's all about how it sounds. For once this is useful in writing English. Many of the examples Williams provided in chapter three presented to grammatically correct sentences, but based on the sound of each one was much more correct than the other. Too often in English what sounds correct is actually not. It's nice to finally be able to judge from ear rather than by eye and boring, tedious rule memorization.

The four "happy consequences" as Williams calls them, are and if not should be central goals of any successful journalist. Keeping the main character as the subject not only makes it easier on the audience to read (which is most critical) but also can cut down significantly on unnecessary wordiness, something newspapers have to be more and more conscious of these days. Too many people get caught up in trying to vary the order of their writing to give it added flavor and to break up potential monotony. This often leads to occasional sentences that stick out for both their lack of clarity and gross misplacement with the rest of the writing.

The same holds true in making the actions the verbs in your writing. Space is precious, and filling it up unnecessarily with choppy and awkward prepositions and articles in order to mix things up does way more harm than good. Each sentence needs to have a point and purpose. Anything useless will reflect poorly upon a writer regardless of profession. However, it is especially damaging for journalists and therefore must always be avoided.

I myself am not immune to such errors in my writing, though I've worked hard to limit them as much as possible. I most often write opaquely in academic papers when I try to get too fancy and technical with my writing. As I said above, I've become pretty good at limiting those instances of unnecessary wordiness. The best way I've found to avoid this lack in clarity is to reread what I just wrote. Editing will fix the technical errors in my writing but actually going through it again out loud will point out the awkward sentences. And knowing to keep these clarity rules is only good if you actually implement them in your own writing.